Case: Antibiotic-Induced Diarrhea
A three-year-old Standardbred gelding was presented to the hospital for evaluation and treatment of diarrhea (colitis). The previous week the horse had developed a mild hind-limb lameness which seemed to come and go, and it was decided to treat the horse with antibiotics “just in case” it had something to do with an infection. The horse was treated with ceftiofur (an antibiotic, often sold under the brand name Excenel or Naxcel) for five days. On the fifth day, the gelding developed moderate to severe diarrhea. The next morning the horse also had a fever. He was treated with anti-inflammatories and quickly referred to the hospital for intensive care.
On presentation, the gelding was very quiet. He had a very high heart rate, reddish gums and he was significantly dehydrated. Intestinal sounds could not be heard over the abdomen, indicating that the horse’s intestines were not moving normally, and there was a “ping” on the right side of the abdomen, indicating that there was gas accumulating in the cecum (part of the large intestine). Treatment with intravenous (IV) fluids was started right away to try to correct the dehydration and keep up with the amount of fluid the horse was losing in its diarrhea.
By the next morning the horse’s attitude was improved, but his gums were still an abnormal colour (“toxic mucous membranes”, see picture), indicating that there were inflammatory cytokines (substances released by cells when they’re in distress) and likely bacterial toxins in horse’s bloodstream. Also, despite the IV fluids, the gelding was still dehydrated, likely because he was pooling fluid from his body tissues in his intestine, as well as the more obvious loss of fluid in his ongoing diarrhea. This went on for another two days, despite intensive treatment in the hospital. On the fourth day, the gelding developed severe signs of colic. His large colon became progressively more distended with gas, and the contents of his small intestine started to back-up into his stomach. His heart rate became extremely high, and his pain could not be controlled with sedatives or anti-inflammatories. A belly-tap yielded a red-tinged fluid (normally belly fluid is light yellow), and the concern at that point was that the intestines had become twisted (which can happen in horses with diarrhea as a result of their abnormal intestinal motility). Despite the risks, it was decided to take the horse to surgery - but there was no twist in the bowel. The cause of the colic was that the large colon was severely distended with gas and fluid, and it was barely moving at all. The appearance of the large colon was consistent with extreme inflammation, and the tip of the cecum looked so bad that the surgeons decided to remove it because it was likely dead or dying.
The horse recovered from anesthesia, and IV fluid therapy was continued. Later that day, when the horse was offered some pellets, some intestinal sounds were detectable. The horse soon started to pass diarrhea again, but overall his attitude was much brighter, and his hydration status and (remarkably) blood protein levels remained stable.
Unfortunately the day after surgery the gelding became reluctant to move around the stall. Increased digital pulses were detected on the front feet, and the horse was sensitive to hoof testers – the gelding was developing laminitis. Despite additional treatment, the signs of laminitis became worse and worse. In the end the horse was euthanized, less than a week after being admitted to the hospital.
On necropsy, the entire large colon was severely thickened, filled with green-yellow fluid, and the mucosa (inside surface of the intestine) was ulcerated. Signs of severe acute laminitis were present in all four feet. A specific causative agent of the colitis could not be identified – tests for Salmonella and clostridial toxins were all negative. This is not too surprising as no agent is identified in over half of all adult horse colitis/diarrhea cases. But there is no doubt what set this terrible chain of events in motion – treatment with antibiotics, for a condition that may or may not have ever required antibiotic treatment in the first place.
We talk a lot about antibiotic-induced colitis/diarrhea in horses, but until you’ve seen it for yourself, it can be hard to believe that drugs used every day in both people and animals can have such a devastating effect on a horse. Antibiotics certainly do save lives, but unfortunately there are no “miracle cures” that are entirely without drawbacks. This case clearly demonstrates one of the most important reasons why we so strongly advocate prudent use of antibiotics in horses – their use should never be employed lightly. Although this is a “worst case scenario” that overall occurs uncommonly, the potential is there and should always be taken into consideration.
Photo credit: M. Anderson 2007
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